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<title>Halakha</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Halakha</i></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">Halakha LeMoshe MiSinai</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Star_of_David" title="Star of David"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br>

<ul><li><a href="Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemba_people" title="Lemba people"> Lemba</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br>

<ul><li><a href="Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li>

<li><a href="Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li>

<li><a href="Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br>

<ul><li><a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li>

<li><a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li>

<li><a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li>

<li><a href="Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li>

<li><a href="Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/places</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li>

<li><a href="Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li>

<li><a href="Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li>

<li><a href="David" title="David">David</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li>

<li><a href="Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li>

<ul><li><b><a href="List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br><a href="Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br>

<ul><li><a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li>

<li><a href="Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li>

<li><a href="Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Religious roles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li>

<li><a href="Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li>

<li><a href="Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li>

<li><a href="Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li>

<li><a href="Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li>

<li><a href="Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br>

<ul><li><i><a href="Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li>

<li><a href="Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li>

<li><a href="Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li>

<li><a href="Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li>

<li><a href="Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li>

<li><a href="Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li>

<li><a href="Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li>

<li><a href="Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li>

<li><a href="Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li>

<li><a href="Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other religions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;">

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<p><i><b>Halakha</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling">hah-<span style="font-size:90%">LAW</span>-khə</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הֲלָכָה</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hălāḵā</i></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardic</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa">[halaˈχa]</span>), also <a href="Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">transliterated</a> as <i><b>halacha</b></i>, <i><b>halakhah</b></i>, and <i><b>halocho</b></i> (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazic</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa">[haˈlɔχɔ]</span>), is the collective body of <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious laws</a> that are derived from the <a href="Torah" title="Torah">Written</a> and <a href="Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>. <i>Halakha</i> is based on biblical commandments (<i><a href="Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a></i>), subsequent <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> and <a href="Mitzvah#Rabbinic_mitzvot" title="Mitzvah">rabbinic laws</a>, and the customs and traditions which were compiled in the many books such as the <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> or <i><a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>. <i>Halakha</i> is often translated as "Jewish law", although a more literal translation might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word is derived from the <a href="Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root</a>, which means "to behave" (also "to go" or "to walk"). <i>Halakha</i> not only guides religious practices and beliefs; it also guides numerous aspects of day-to-day life.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Historically, widespread observance of the laws of the Torah is first in evidence beginning in the second century BCE, and some say that the first evidence was even earlier. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, <i>halakha</i> served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of law – both <a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a> and <a href="Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a>, since no differentiation of them exists in classical Judaism. Since the Jewish Enlightenment (<i><a href="Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i>) and <a href="Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a>, some have come to view the <i>halakha</i> as less binding in day-to-day life, because it relies on rabbinic interpretation, as opposed to the authoritative, canonical text which is recorded in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. Under contemporary <a href="Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Israeli law</a>, certain areas of Israeli family and personal status law are, for Jews, under the authority of the rabbinic courts, so they are treated according to <i>halakha</i>. Some minor differences in <i>halakha</i> are found among <a href="Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <a href="Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a>, <a href="Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopian</a> and other Jewish communities which historically lived in isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>halakha</i> is derived from the <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> root <i>halakh</i> – "to walk" or "to go".<sup id="cite_ref-EncJudaica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncJudaica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> Taken literally, therefore, <i>halakha</i> translates as "the way to walk", rather than "law". The word <i>halakha</i> refers to the corpus of rabbinic legal texts, or to the overall system of religious law. The term may also be related to <a href="Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">ilku</i></span>, a property tax, rendered in Aramaic as <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">halakh</i></span>, designating one or several obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-EBR_Schiffman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBR_Schiffman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be descended from hypothetical reconstructed Proto-Semitic root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak-" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak-"><i>*halakh-</i></a> meaning "to go", which also has descendants in Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, and Ugaritic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Halakha</i> is often contrasted with <i><a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a></i> ("the telling"), the diverse corpus of rabbinic <a href="Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a>, narrative, philosophical, mystical, and other "non-legal" texts.<sup id="cite_ref-EBR_Schiffman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBR_Schiffman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, since writers of <i>halakha</i> may draw upon the aggadic and even mystical literature, a dynamic interchange occurs between the genres. <i>Halakha</i> also does not include the parts of the <a href="Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> not related to commandments.

</p><p><i>Halakha</i> constitutes the practical application of the <a href="613_mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 mitzvot">613 <i>mitzvot</i></a> ("commandments") in the Torah, as developed through discussion and debate in the classical <a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, especially the <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (the "<a href="Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>"), and as codified in the <i><a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> and <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <i>halakha</i> is developed and applied by various halakhic authorities rather than one sole "official voice", different individuals and communities may well have different answers to halakhic questions. With few exceptions, controversies are not settled through authoritative structures because during the <a href="Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, Jews lacked a single judicial hierarchy or appellate review process for <i>halakha</i>.

</p><p>According to some scholars, the words <i>halakha</i> and <a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> both mean literally "the path to follow". The <a href="Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> literature parallels <a href="Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">rabbinical law</a> developed in the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, with fatwas being analogous to <a href="History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">rabbinic <i>responsa</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014183–84_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014183–84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessickKéchichian2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessickKéchichian2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commandments_(mitzvot)">Commandments (mitzvot)</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Mitzvah#Mitzvot_and_Jewish_law" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah § Mitzvot and Jewish law</a>, and <a href="613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></div>

<p>According to the Talmud (<i>Tractate Makot</i>), 613 <i>mitzvot</i> are in the Torah, 248 positive ("thou shalt") <i>mitzvot</i> and 365 negative ("thou shalt not") <i>mitzvot</i>, supplemented by seven <i>mitzvot</i> <a href="Mitzvah#Rabbinic_mitzvot" title="Mitzvah">legislated by the rabbis</a> of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, many of the 613 commandments cannot be performed until the building of the <a href="The_Third_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and the universal resettlement of the Jewish people in <a href="Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">the Land of Israel</a> by the <a href="Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah.</a> According to one count, only 369 can be kept, meaning that 40% of mitzvot are not possible to perform. Of these 369, 77 of these are positive mtizvot and 194 are negative. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> divides laws into categories:<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> which are believed to have been revealed by God to the Israelites at <a href="Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">biblical Mount Sinai</a>. These laws are composed of the following:

<ul><li>The <a href="Written_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Torah">Written Torah</a>, laws written in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.</li>

<li>The <a href="Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>, laws believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes.</li></ul></li>

<li>Laws of human origin, including rabbinic decrees, interpretations, customs, etc.</li></ul>

<p>This division between revealed and rabbinic commandments may influence the importance of a rule, its enforcement and the nature of its ongoing interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halakhic authorities may disagree on which laws fall into which categories or the circumstances (if any) under which prior rabbinic rulings can be re-examined by contemporary rabbis, but all Halakhic Jews hold that both categories exist and that the first category is immutable, with exceptions only for life-saving and similar emergency circumstances.

</p><p>A second classical distinction is between the Written Law, laws written in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and the Oral Law, laws which are believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes.

</p><p>Commandments are divided into positive and negative commands, which are treated differently in terms of divine and human punishment. Positive commandments <i>require</i> an action to be performed and are considered to bring the performer closer to God. Negative commandments (traditionally 365 in number) <i>forbid</i> a specific action, and violations create a distance from God.

</p><p>A further division is made between <i>chukim</i> ("decrees" – laws without obvious explanation, such as <i><a href="Shatnez" title="Shatnez">shatnez</a></i>, the law prohibiting wearing clothing made of mixtures of linen and wool), <i>mishpatim</i> ("judgements" – laws with obvious social implications) and <i>eduyot</i> ("testimonies" or "commemorations", such as the <a href="Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and holidays). Through the ages, various rabbinical authorities have classified some of the 613 commandments in many ways.

</p><p>A different approach divides the laws into a different set of categories:

</p>

<ul><li>Laws in relation to God (<i>bein adam laMakom</i>, <abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "between a person and the Place"), and</li>

<li>Laws about relations with other people (<i>bein adam le-chavero</i>, "between a person and his friend").</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_process">Sources and process</h2></div>

<div style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Eras of Jewish law</div>

<ul><li><a href="Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "Our Sages, may their memory be blessed"): all Jewish sages of the <a href="Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a>, <a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> and <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> eras (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625 CE</span>).

<ul><li>The <i><a href="Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></i> ("pairs"), both the 200-year period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 170 BCE</span> – 30 CE, "Era of the Pairs") during the <a href="Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> in which the spiritual leadership was in the hands of five successions of "pairs" of religious teachers, and to each of these pairs themselves.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></i> ("repeaters") were rabbis living primarily in <a href="Eretz_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Yisrael">Eretz Yisrael</a> who codified the <a href="Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> in the form of the Mishnah; 0–200 CE.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></i> ("sayers") lived in both Eretz Yisrael and <a href="Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. Their teachings and discussions were compiled into the two versions of the <a href="Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>; 200–500.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></i> ("<a href="Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">reasoners</a>") lived primarily in <a href="Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Babylonia due to the suppression of Judaism in the <a href="Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> under <a href="Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>; 500–650.</li></ul></li>

<li>The <i><a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></i> ("greats" or "geniuses") presided over the two major Babylonian Academies of <a href="Sura_Academy" title="Sura Academy">Sura</a> and <a href="Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>; 650–1038.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></i> ("firsts") are the rabbis of the <a href="Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1038</span>–1563), preceding the <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></i> ("lasts") are the rabbis from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> to the present.</li></ul>

</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></div>

<p>The development of <i>halakha</i> in the period before the <a href="Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, which has been described as the formative period in the history of its development, is shrouded in obscurity. Historian <a href="Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Yitzhak Baer</a> argued that there was little pure academic legal activity at this period and that many of the laws originating at this time were produced by a means of neighbourly good conduct rules in a similar way as carried out by Greeks in the age of <a href="Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the first chapter of <i><a href="Bava_Kamma" title="Bava Kamma">Bava Kamma</a></i>, contains a formulation of the law of <a href="Tort" title="Tort">torts</a> worded in the first person.<sup id="cite_ref-EncJudaica_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncJudaica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 256">: 256 </span></sup>

</p><p>The boundaries of Jewish law are determined through the Halakhic process, a religious-ethical system of legal reasoning. Rabbis generally base their opinions on the primary sources of <i>halakha</i> as well as on precedent set by previous rabbinic opinions. The major sources and genre of <i>halakha</i> consulted include:

</p>

<ul><li>The foundational Talmudic literature (especially the <a href="Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> and the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>) with commentaries;

<ul><li><a href="Talmudic_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic hermeneutics">Talmudic hermeneutics</a>: the science which defines the rules and methods for the investigation and exact determination of the meaning of the Scriptures; also includes the rules from which the Halakhot are derived and which were established by the written law. These may be seen as the rules from which early Jewish law is derived.</li>

<li><i><a href="Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i> – the Talmudic process of elucidating the <i>halakha</i></li></ul></li>

<li>The post-Talmudic codificatory literature, such as Maimonides's <a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> and the <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> with its commentaries (see <a href="#Codes_of_Jewish_law">#Codes of Jewish law</a> below);</li>

<li>Regulations and other "legislative" enactments promulgated by rabbis and communal bodies:

<ul><li><i><a href="Gezeirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezeirah">Gezeirah</a></i> ("declaration"): "preventative legislation" of the rabbis, intended to prevent violations of the <a href="Mitzva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzva">commandments</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Takkanah" title="Takkanah">Takkanah</a></i> ("repair" or "regulation"): "positive legislation", practices instituted by the rabbis not based (directly) on the <a href="Mitzva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzva">commandments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></i>: Customs, community practices, and customary law, as well as the exemplary deeds of prominent (or local) rabbis;</li>

<li>The <i>she'eloth u-teshuvoth</i> (<a href="Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a>, "questions and answers") literature.</li>

<li><i><a href="Dina_d'malkhuta_dina" title="Dina d'malkhuta dina">Dina d'malchuta dina</a></i> ("the law of the king is law"): an additional aspect of <i>halakha</i>, being the principle recognizing non-Jewish laws and non-Jewish legal jurisdiction as binding on Jewish citizens, provided that they are not contrary to a law in Judaism. This principle applies primarily in areas of commercial, civil and criminal law.</li></ul>

<p>In antiquity, the <i><a href="Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></i> functioned essentially as the Supreme Court and legislature (in the US judicial system) for Judaism, and had the power to administer binding law, including both received law and its own rabbinic decrees, on all Jews—rulings of the Sanhedrin became <i>halakha</i>; see <a href="Oral_law#Oral_law_in_Judaism" title="Oral law">Oral law</a>. That court ceased to function in its full mode in 40 CE. Today, the authoritative application of Jewish law is left to the local rabbi, and the local rabbinical courts, with only local applicability. In branches of Judaism that follow <i>halakha</i>, lay individuals make numerous ad-hoc decisions but are regarded as not having authority to decide certain issues definitively.

</p><p>Since the days of the Sanhedrin, however, no body or authority has been generally regarded as having the authority to create universally recognized precedents. As a result, <i>halakha</i> has developed in a somewhat different fashion from Anglo-American legal systems with a Supreme Court able to provide universally accepted precedents. Generally, Halakhic arguments are effectively, yet unofficially, peer-reviewed. When a rabbinic <i><a href="Posek" title="Posek">posek</a></i> ("he who makes a statement", "decisor") proposes an additional interpretation of a law, that interpretation may be considered binding for the posek's questioner or immediate community. Depending on the stature of the posek and the quality of the decision, an interpretation may also be gradually accepted by other rabbis and members of other Jewish communities.

</p><p>Under this system there is a tension between the relevance of earlier and later authorities in constraining Halakhic interpretation and innovation. On the one hand, there is a principle in <i>halakha</i> not to overrule a specific law from an earlier era, after it is accepted by the community as a law or <a href="Vow" title="Vow">vow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless supported by another, relevant earlier precedent; see list below. On the other hand, another principle recognizes the responsibility and authority of later authorities, and especially the <i>posek</i> handling a then-current question. In addition, the <i>halakha</i> embodies a wide range of principles that permit judicial discretion and deviation (Ben-Menahem).

</p><p>Notwithstanding the potential for innovation, rabbis and Jewish communities differ greatly on how they make changes in <i>halakha</i>. Notably, <i><a href="Poskim" class="mw-redirect" title="Poskim">poskim</a></i> frequently extend the application of a law to new situations, but do not consider such applications as constituting a "change" in <i>halakha</i>. For example, many <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> rulings concerning electricity are derived from rulings concerning fire, as closing an electrical circuit may cause a spark. In contrast, Conservative <i>poskim</i> consider that switching on electrical equipment is physically and chemically more like turning on a water tap (which is permissible by <i>halakha</i>) than lighting a fire (which is not permissible), and therefore permitted on Shabbat. The reformative <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in some cases explicitly interprets <i>halakha</i> to take into account its view of contemporary society. For instance, most Conservative rabbis extend the application of certain Jewish obligations and permissible activities to women (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Conservative_Judaism">below</a>).

</p><p>Within certain Jewish communities, formal organized bodies do exist. Within <a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern US-based Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the <a href="Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>. Within <a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, the <a href="Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> has an official <a href="Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards">Committee on Jewish Law and Standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Note that <i>takkanot</i> (plural of <i><a href="Takkanah" title="Takkanah">takkanah</a></i>) in general do not affect or restrict observance of Torah <i>mitzvot</i>. (Sometimes <i>takkanah</i> refers to either <i>gezeirot</i> or <i>takkanot</i>.) However, the Talmud states that in exceptional cases, the Sages had the authority to "uproot matters from the Torah". In Talmudic and classical Halakhic literature, this authority refers to the authority to prohibit some things that would otherwise be Biblically sanctioned (<i>shev v'al ta'aseh</i>, "thou shall stay seated and not do"). Rabbis may rule that a specific mitzvah from the Torah should not be performed, e. g., blowing the <i><a href="Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></i> on Shabbat, or taking the <i><a href="Four_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Species">lulav and etrog</a></i> on Shabbat. These examples of takkanot which may be executed out of caution lest some might otherwise carry the mentioned items between home and the synagogue, thus inadvertently violating a Sabbath <i><a href="Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat">melakha</a></i>. Another rare and limited form of takkanah involved overriding Torah prohibitions. In some cases, the Sages allowed the temporary violation of a prohibition in order to maintain the Jewish system as a whole. This was part of the basis for <a href="Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>'s relationship with <a href="Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> (Xeres). For general usage of takkanaot in Jewish history see the article <a href="Takkanah" title="Takkanah">Takkanah</a>. For examples of this being used in Conservative Judaism, see <a href="Conservative_halakha" title="Conservative halakha">Conservative halakha</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_analysis">Historical analysis</h3></div>

<table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; font-size:115%;">Rabbinical eras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a></li>

<li><a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li>

<li><a href="Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li>

<li><a href="Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The antiquity of the rules can be determined only by the dates of the authorities who quote them; in general, they cannot safely be declared older than the <a href="Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tanna</a> ("repeater") to whom they are first ascribed. It is certain, however, that the seven middot ("measurements", and referring to [good] behavior) of Hillel and the thirteen of Ishmael are earlier than the time of Hillel himself, who was the first to transmit them.

</p><p>The Talmud gives no information concerning the origin of the middot, although the Geonim ("Sages") regarded them as Sinaitic (<a href="Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">Law given to Moses at Sinai</a>).

</p><p>The middot seem to have been first laid down as abstract rules by the teachers of Hillel, though they were not immediately recognized by all as valid and binding. Different schools interpreted and modified them, restricted or expanded them, in various ways. <a href="Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> and <a href="Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Rabbi Ishmael">Rabbi Ishmael</a> and their scholars especially contributed to the development or establishment of these rules. "It must be borne in mind, however, that neither Hillel, Ishmael, nor [a contemporary of theirs named] <a href="Eliezer_ben_Jose" title="Eliezer ben Jose">Eliezer ben Jose</a> sought to give a complete enumeration of the rules of interpretation current in his day, but that they omitted from their collections many rules which were then followed."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Akiva devoted his attention particularly to the grammatical and exegetical rules, while Ishmael developed the logical. The rules laid down by one school were frequently rejected by another because the principles that guided them in their respective formulations were essentially different. According to Akiva, the divine language of the Torah is distinguished from the speech of men by the fact that in the former no word or sound is superfluous.

</p><p>Some scholars have observed a similarity between these rabbinic rules of interpretation and the hermeneutics of ancient Hellenistic culture. For example, Saul Lieberman argues that the names of rabbi Ishmael's <i>middot</i> (e. g., <i>kal vahomer</i>, a combination of the archaic form of the word for "straw" and the word for "clay" – "straw and clay", referring to the obvious [means of making a mud brick]) are Hebrew translations of Greek terms, although the methods of those <i>middot</i> are not Greek in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_today">Views today</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Talmud#Present_day" title="Talmud">Talmud § Present day</a></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:299px;max-width:299px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The artistic freedom spirit of <i><a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></i> (left, represented by <a href="Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>) and the legal divine judgment rulings of <i><a href="Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">Halakhah</a></i> (right, represented by <a href="Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a> and his sons) on the <a href="Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></div></div></div></div>

<p><a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> holds that <i>halakha</i> is <a href="Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a> laid down in the Torah, rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees, and customs combined. The rabbis, who made many additions and interpretations of Jewish law, did so only in accordance with regulations they believed, as Orthodox Jews still <a href="Orthodox_Judaism#Beliefs" title="Orthodox Judaism">believe</a>, were given for this purpose to <a href="Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> holds that <i>halakha</i> is normative and binding and is developed as a partnership between people and God based on the Sinaitic Torah. While there is a wide variety of Conservative views, a common <a href="Conservative_Judaism#Beliefs" title="Conservative Judaism">belief</a> is that <i>halakha</i> is, and has always been, an evolving process subject to interpretation by rabbis in every time period.

</p><p><a href="Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> asserts that <i>halakha</i> is normative and binding; however, it also views <i>halakha</i> as an evolving concept. The traditional halakhic system, according to this perspective, cannot produce a code of conduct that is meaningful and acceptable to the majority of contemporary Jews. Reconstructionism's founder, Rabbi <a href="Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai Kaplan</a>, believed that "Jewish life [is] meaningless without Jewish law." One of the planks of the Society for the Jewish Renascence, of which Kaplan was a founder, stated: "We accept the halakha, which is rooted in the Talmud, as the norm of Jewish life, availing ourselves, at the same time, of the method implicit therein to interpret and develop the body of Jewish Law in accordance with the actual conditions and spiritual needs of modern life."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> holds that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative (seen as binding) on Jews today. Those in the "traditionalist" wing believe that the <i>halakha</i> represents a personal starting point, holding that each Jew is obligated to interpret the Torah, Talmud, and other Jewish works for themselves, and this interpretation will create separate commandments for each person. Those in the liberal and classical wings of Reform believe that in this day and era, most Jewish religious rituals are no longer necessary, and many hold that following most Jewish laws is actually counter-productive. They propose that Judaism has entered a phase of ethical monotheism and that the laws of Judaism are only remnants of an earlier stage of religious evolution and need not be followed. This is considered wrong, and even <a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism.

</p><p>Humanistic Jews value the Torah as a historical, political, and sociological text written by their ancestors. They do not believe "that every word of the Torah is true, or even morally correct, just because the Torah is old". The Torah is both disagreed with and questioned. Humanistic Jews believe that the entire Jewish experience, and not only the Torah, should be studied as a source for Jewish behavior and ethical values.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some Jews believe that <a href="Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">gentiles</a> are bound by a subset of <i>halakha</i> called the <a href="Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, also referred to as the Noahide Laws. According to the Talmud, they are a set of imperatives given by God to the "children of Noah" – that is, all of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h3></div>

<p>Despite its internal rigidity, <i>halakha</i> has a degree of flexibility in finding solutions to modern problems not explicitly mentioned in the Torah. From the very beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism, halakhic inquiry allowed for a "sense of continuity between past and present, a self-evident trust that their pattern of life and belief now conformed to the sacred patterns and beliefs presented by scripture and tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an analysis by Jewish scholar Jeffrey Rubenstein of Michael Berger's book <i>Rabbinic Authority</i>, the authority that rabbis hold "derives not from the institutional or personal authority of the sages but from a <i>communal</i> decision to recognize that authority, much as a community recognizes a certain judicial system to resolve its disputes and interpret its laws."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this covenantal relationship, rabbis are charged with connecting their contemporary community with the traditions and precedents of the past.

</p><p>When presented with contemporary issues, rabbis go through a halakhic process to find an answer. The classical approach has permitted new rulings regarding modern technology. For example, some of these rulings guide Jewish observers about the proper use of <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> on the Sabbath and holidays. Often, as to the applicability of the law in any given situation, the proviso is to "consult your local rabbi or <a href="Posek" title="Posek">posek</a>". This notion lends rabbis a certain degree of local authority; however, for more complex questions, the issue is passed on to higher rabbis, who will then issue a <i>teshuva</i>, which is a <i>responsum</i> that is binding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, rabbis will continuously issue different opinions and will constantly review each other's work so as to maintain the truest sense of <i>halakha</i>. This process allows rabbis to maintain a connection of traditional Jewish law to modern life. Of course, the degree of flexibility depends on the sect of Judaism, with Reform being the most flexible, Conservative somewhat in the middle, and Orthodox being much more stringent and rigid. Modern critics, however, have charged that with the rise of movements that challenge the "divine" authority of <i>halakha</i>, traditional Jews have greater reluctance to change not only the laws themselves but also other customs and habits than traditional Rabbinical Judaism did before the advent of Reform in the 19th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denominational_approaches">Denominational approaches</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Semikhah#Concept" title="Semikhah">Semikhah § Concept</a>, and <a href="Yeshiva#Jewish_law" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Jewish law</a></div>

<p>Orthodox Jews believe that <i>halakha</i> is a religious system whose core represents the <a href="Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> will of God. Although Orthodox Judaism acknowledges that rabbis have made many decisions and decrees regarding Jewish Law where the written Torah itself is nonspecific, they did so only in accordance with regulations received by <a href="Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="Mount_Sinai%2C_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai, Egypt">Mount Sinai</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%205:8–13&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 5:8–13</a>). These regulations were transmitted orally until shortly after the destruction of the <a href="Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. They were then recorded in the Mishnah, and explained in the Talmud and commentaries throughout history up until the present day. Orthodox Judaism believes that subsequent interpretations have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care. The most widely accepted codes of Jewish law are known as <a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> and the <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JillJacobs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JillJacobs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Orthodox Judaism has a range of opinions on the circumstances and extent to which change is permissible. <a href="Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> Jews generally hold that even <i>minhagim</i> (customs) must be retained, and existing precedents cannot be reconsidered. <a href="Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> authorities are more inclined to permit limited changes in customs and some reconsideration of precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite the Orthodox views that <i>halakha</i> was given at Sinai, Orthodox thought (and especially modern Orthodox thought) encourages debate, allows for disagreement, and encourages rabbis to enact decisions based on contemporary needs. <a href="Rabbi_Moshe_Feinstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Moshe Feinstein">Rabbi Moshe Feinstein</a> says in his introduction to his collection of <a href="Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> that a rabbi who studies the texts carefully is required to provide a halakhic decision. That decision is considered to be a true teaching, even if it is not the true teaching in according to the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="Rabbi_Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> believes that the job of a halakhic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decisor#English" class="extiw external" title="wikt:decisor">decisor</a> is to apply <i>halakha</i> − which exists in an ideal realm−to people's lived experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Moshe_Shmuel_Glasner" title="Moshe Shmuel Glasner">Moshe Shmuel Glasner</a>, the chief rabbi of <a href="Cluj" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluj">Cluj</a> (<i>Klausenberg</i> in German or <i>קלויזנבורג</i> in Yiddish) stated that the Oral Torah was an oral tradition by design, to allow for the creative application of halakha to each time period, and even enabling halakha to evolve. He writes:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Thus, whoever has due regard for the truth will conclude that the reason the [proper] interpretation of the Torah was transmitted orally and forbidden to be written down was not to make [the Torah] unchanging and not to tie the hands of the sages of every generation from interpreting Scripture according to their understanding. Only in this way can the eternity of Torah be understood [properly], for the changes in the generations and their opinions, situation and material and moral condition requires changes in their laws, decrees and improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Conservative_halakha" title="Conservative halakha">Conservative halakha</a></div>

<p>The view held by <a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> is that the Torah is not the word of God in a literal sense. However, the Torah is still held as mankind's record of its understanding of God's revelation, and thus still has divine authority. Therefore, <i>halakha</i> is still seen as binding. Conservative Jews use modern methods of historical study to learn how Jewish law has changed over time, and are, in some cases, willing to change Jewish law in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A key practical difference between Conservative and Orthodox approaches is that Conservative Judaism holds that its rabbinical body's powers are not limited to reconsidering later precedents based on earlier sources, but the <a href="Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards">Committee on Jewish Law and Standards</a> (CJLS) is empowered to override Biblical and Taanitic prohibitions by <i>takkanah</i> (decree) when perceived to be inconsistent with modern requirements or views of ethics. The CJLS has used this power on a number of occasions, most famously in the "driving teshuva", which says that if someone is unable to walk to any synagogue on the Sabbath, and their commitment to observance is so loose that not attending synagogue may lead them to drop it altogether, their rabbi may give them a dispensation to drive there and back; and more recently in its decision prohibiting the taking of evidence on <i><a href="Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a></i> status on the grounds that implementing such a status is immoral. The CJLS has also held that the Talmudic concept of <i><a href="Kavod_HaBriyot" title="Kavod HaBriyot">Kavod HaBriyot</a></i> permits lifting rabbinic decrees (as distinct from carving narrow exceptions) on grounds of human dignity, and used this principle in a December 2006 opinion lifting all rabbinic prohibitions on <a href="Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> conduct (the opinion held that only male-male anal sex was forbidden by the <a href="The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Bible</a> and that this remained prohibited). Conservative Judaism also made a number of changes to the <a href="Role_of_women_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of women in Judaism">role of women in Judaism</a> including counting women in a <a href="Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitting women to chant from the Torah,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ordaining women as <a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Conservative approach to halakhic interpretation can be seen in the CJLS's acceptance of Rabbi Elie Kaplan Spitz's responsum decreeing the biblical category of <i><a href="Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a></i> as "inoperative."<sup id="cite_ref-KaplanSpitz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaplanSpitz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CJLS adopted the responsum's view that the "morality which we learn through the larger, unfolding narrative of our tradition" informs the application of Mosaic law.<sup id="cite_ref-KaplanSpitz_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaplanSpitz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The responsum cited several examples of how the rabbinic sages declined to enforce punishments explicitly mandated by Torah law. The examples include the trial of the accused adulteress (<i>sotah</i>), the "law of breaking the neck of the heifer," and the application of the death penalty for the "rebellious child."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplan Spitz argues that the punishment of the <i>mamzer</i> has been effectively inoperative for nearly two thousand years due to deliberate rabbinic inaction. Further he suggested that the rabbis have long regarded the punishment declared by the Torah as immoral, and came to the conclusion that no court should agree to hear testimony on <i>mamzerut</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codes_of_Jewish_law">Codes of Jewish law</h2></div>

<p>The most important codifications of Jewish law include the following; for complementary discussion, see also <a href="History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">History of responsa in Judaism</a>.

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, composed by <a href="Judah_haNasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah haNasi">Judah haNasi</a>, in 200 CE, as a basic outline of the state of the Oral Law in his time. This was the framework upon which the Talmud was based; the Talmud's <a href="Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> analysis of the content of the Mishna (<i><a href="Gemara" title="Gemara">gemara</a></i>; completed c. 500) became the basis for all later <a href="Posek" title="Posek">halakhic decisions</a> and subsequent <a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codes</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codifications</a> by the <a href="Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> of the halakhic material in the Talmud.

<ul><li>An early work, <i><a href="She'iltot" title="She'iltot">She'iltot</a></i> ("Questions") by <a href="Ahai_of_Shabha" title="Ahai of Shabha">Ahai of Shabha</a> (c. 752) discusses over 190 <i>mitzvot</i> – exploring and addressing various questions on these. The <i>She'iltot</i> was influential on both of the following, subsequent works.</li>

<li>The first legal <a href="Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> proper, <i><a href="Halachot_Pesukot" title="Halachot Pesukot">Halachot Pesukot</a></i> ("Decided Laws"), by <a href="Yehudai_ben_Nahman" title="Yehudai ben Nahman">Yehudai ben Nahman</a> (c. 760), rearranges the Talmud passages in a structure manageable to the layman. (It was written in <a href="Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">vernacular Aramaic</a>, and subsequently translated into <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as <i>Hilkhot Riu</i>.)</li>

<li><i>Halakhot Gedolot</i> ("Great Law Book"), by <a href="Simeon_Kayyara" title="Simeon Kayyara">Simeon Kayyara</a>, published two generations later (but possibly written c. 743 CE), contains extensive additional material, mainly from <a href="Responsa" title="Responsa">Responsa</a> and <a href="Monograph" title="Monograph">Monographs</a> of the Geonim, and is presented in a form that is closer to the original Talmud language and structure. (Probably since it was distributed, also, amongst the newly established <a href="Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> communities.)</li></ul></li>

<li>The <a href="Hilchot_HaRif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilchot HaRif">Hilchot HaRif</a> was written by the Rabbi <a href="Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (1013–1103); it has summations of the legal material found in the Talmud. Alfasi transcribed the Talmud's halakhic conclusions verbatim, without the surrounding deliberation; he also excluded all <a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadic</a> (non-legal, and homiletic) matter. The <i>Hilchot</i> soon superseded the geonic codes, as it contained all the decisions and the laws then relevant, and additionally, served as an accessible Talmudic commentary; it has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud.</li>

<li>The <a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> by <a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204). This work encompasses the full range of Talmudic law; it is organized and reformulated in a logical system – in 14 books, 83 sections and 1000 chapters – with each <i>halakha</i> stated clearly. The Mishneh Torah is very influential to this day, and several later works reproduce passages verbatim. It also includes a section on <a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> and <a href="Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">fundamental beliefs</a>. (Some claim this section draws heavily on <a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> science and metaphysics; others suggest that it is within the tradition of <a href="Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>.) It is the main source of practical <i>halakha</i> for many <a href="Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> – mainly <a href="Baladi" title="Baladi">Baladi</a> and <a href="Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a> – as well as for a growing community referred to as <i><a href="Dor_Daim#Talmide_ha-Rambam" title="Dor Daim">talmidei haRambam</a></i>.</li>

<li>The work of <i>the Rosh</i>, Rabbi <a href="Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (1250?/1259?–1328), an abstract of the Talmud, concisely stating the final halakhic decision and quoting later authorities, notably Alfasi, Maimonides, and the <a href="Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafists</a>. This work superseded Rabbi Alfasi's and has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Sefer_Mitzvot_Gadol" title="Sefer Mitzvot Gadol">Sefer Mitzvot Gadol</a></i> (The "SeMaG") of Rabbi <a href="Moses_ben_Jacob_of_Coucy" title="Moses ben Jacob of Coucy">Moses ben Jacob of Coucy</a> (first half of the 13th century, <a href="Coucy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau-Auffrique" title="Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique">Coucy</a>, northern France). "SeMaG" is organised around the 365 negative and the 248 positive commandments, separately discussing each of them according to the Talmud (in light of the commentaries of <a href="Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> and the <a href="Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a>) and the other codes existent at the time. <i><a href="Sefer_Mitzvot_Katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Mitzvot Katan">Sefer Mitzvot Katan</a></i> ("SeMaK") by <a href="Isaac_ben_Joseph_of_Corbeil" title="Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil">Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil</a> is an abridgement of the <i>SeMaG</i>, including additional practical <i>halakha</i>, as well as <a href="Aggad" title="Aggad">aggadic</a> and <a href="Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">ethical</a> material.</li>

<li>"The Mordechai" – by <a href="Mordecai_ben_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordecai ben Hillel">Mordecai ben Hillel</a> (d. <a href="Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> 1298) – serves both as a source of analysis, as well as of decided law. Mordechai considered about 350 halakhic authorities, and was widely influential, particularly amongst the Ashkenazi and <a href="Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> communities. Although organised around the <i>Hilchot</i> of <i>the Rif</i> (Rabbi Isaac Alfasi), it is, in fact, an independent work. It has been printed with every edition of the Talmud since 1482.</li></ul>

<ul><li>The <a href="Arba'ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a> (lit. "The Four Columns"; the <i>Tur</i>) by Rabbi <a href="Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (1270–1343, <a href="Toledo%2C_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo, Spain</a>). This work traces the <i>halakha</i> from the Torah text and the Talmud through the <a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a>, with the <i>Hilchot</i> of Alfasi as its starting point. Ben Asher followed Maimonides's precedent in arranging his work in a topical order, however, the <i>Tur</i> covers only those areas of Jewish law that were in force in the author's time. The code is divided into four main sections; almost all codes since this time have followed the <i>Tur'</i>s arrangement of material.

<ul><li><a href="Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> ("The Way of Life"): worship and ritual observance in the home and <a href="Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, through the course of the day, the weekly sabbath and the festival cycle.</li>

<li><a href="Yoreh_De'ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a> ("Teach Knowledge"): assorted ritual instructions and prohibitions, dietary laws and regulations concerning <a href="Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual</a> impurity.</li>

<li><a href="Even_Ha'ezer" title="Even Ha'ezer">Even Ha'ezer</a> ("The Rock of the Helpmate"): <a href="Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and other issues in <a href="Family" title="Family">family</a> law.</li>

<li><a href="Choshen_Mishpat" title="Choshen Mishpat">Choshen Mishpat</a> ("The Breastplate of Judgement"): The administration and <a href="Adjudication" title="Adjudication">adjudication</a> of civil law.</li></ul></li>

<li><i>Agur</i> (c. 1490) by Rabbi <a href="Jacob_ben_Judah_Landau" title="Jacob ben Judah Landau">Jacob ben Judah Landau</a> comprises principally an abridged presentation of the first and second parts of the <i>Tur</i>, emphasizing practice; it also excerpts other works, and includes Kabbalistic elements. The <i>Agur</i> was the first <i>sefer</i> to contain a <i><a href="Haskama" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskama">Haskama</a></i> (rabbinical approbation). It was influential on subsequent codes.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></i> and the <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> of Rabbi <a href="Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a> (1488–1575). The <i>Beit Yosef</i> is a huge commentary on the <i>Tur</i> in which Rabbi Karo traces the development of each law from the Talmud through later rabbinical literature (examining 32 <a href="Posek" title="Posek">authorities</a>, beginning with the Talmud and ending with the works of Rabbi <a href="Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a>). The <i>Shulchan Aruch</i> (literally "set table") is, in turn, a condensation of the <i>Beit Yosef</i> – stating each ruling simply; this work follows the chapter divisions of the <i>Tur</i>. The <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, together with its related commentaries, is considered by many to be the most authoritative compilation of <i>halakha</i> since the Talmud. In writing the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, Rabbi Karo based his <a href="Posek" title="Posek">rulings</a> on three authorities – Maimonides, Asher ben Jehiel (Rosh), and Isaac Alfasi (Rif); he considered <i>the Mordechai</i> in inconclusive cases. <a href="Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardic Jews</a>, generally, refer to the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i> as the basis for their daily practice.</li>

<li>The works of Rabbi <a href="Moshe_Isserles" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Isserles">Moshe Isserles</a> ("Rema"; <a href="Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, 1525 to 1572). Isserles noted that the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i> was based on the <a href="Sephardic_laws_and_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic laws and customs">Sephardic</a> tradition, and he created a series of <a href="Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> to be appended to the text of the Shulkhan Aruch for cases where Sephardi and <a href="Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> <a href="Minhag" title="Minhag">customs</a> differed (based on the works of <a href="Yaakov_Moelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Moelin">Yaakov Moelin</a>, <a href="Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a>, and <a href="Israel_Bruna" title="Israel Bruna">Israel Bruna</a>). The glosses are called <i>ha-Mapah</i> ("the Tablecloth"). His comments are now incorporated into the body of all printed editions of the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, typeset in a different script; today, "Shulchan Aruch" refers to the combined work of Karo and Isserles. Isserles' <i>Darkhei Moshe</i> is similarly a commentary on the <i>Tur</i> and the <i>Beit Yosef</i>.</li>

<li>The <i>Levush Malkhut</i> ("Levush") of Rabbi <a href="Mordecai_Yoffe" title="Mordecai Yoffe">Mordecai Yoffe</a> (c. 1530–1612). A ten-volume work, five discussing <i>halakha</i> at a level "midway between the two extremes: the lengthy <i>Beit Yosef</i> of Karo on the one hand, and on the other Karo's <i>Shulchan Aruch</i> together with the <i>Mappah</i> of Isserles, which is too brief", that particularly stresses the <a href="Minhag" title="Minhag">customs and practices</a> of the Jews of Eastern Europe. The Levush was exceptional among the codes, in that it treated certain <i>Halakhot</i> from a Kabbalistic standpoint.</li>

<li>The <i><a href="Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a></i> of Rabbi <a href="Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (c. 1800) was an attempt to re-codify the law as it stood at that time – incorporating <a href="Shulchan_Aruch#Major_commentaries" title="Shulchan Aruch">commentaries on the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i></a>, and <a href="History_of_Responsa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Responsa">subsequent responsa</a> – and thus stating the <a href="Posek" title="Posek">decided <i>halakha</i></a>, as well as the underlying reasoning. The work was written partly so that laymen would be able to study Jewish law. Unfortunately, most of the work was lost in a fire prior to publication. It is the basis of practice for <a href="Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> and other <a href="Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic groups</a> and is quoted as authoritative by many subsequent works, Hasidic and non-Hasidic alike.</li>

<li>Works structured directly on the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, providing analysis in light of <a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonic</a> material and codes:

<ul><li>The <a href="Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a> of Rabbi <a href="Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen</a>, (the "Chofetz Chaim", Poland, 1838–1933) is a commentary on the "Orach Chayim" section of the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, discussing the application of each <i>halakha</i> in light of all subsequent <a href="Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonic</a> decisions. It has become the authoritative halakhic guide for much of <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> Ashkenazic Jewry in the postwar period.</li>

<li><a href="Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a> by Rabbi <a href="Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel Epstein</a> (1829–1888) is a scholarly analysis of <i>halakha</i> through the perspective of the major Rishonim. The work follows the structure of the <i>Tur</i> and the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>; rules dealing with vows, agriculture, and ritual purity, are discussed in a second work known as <i>Aruch HaShulchan he'Atid</i>.</li>

<li><a href="Yaakov_Chaim_Sofer" title="Yaakov Chaim Sofer">Kaf HaChaim</a> on <a href="Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> and parts of <a href="Yoreh_De'ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a>, by the Sephardi sage <a href="Yaakov_Chaim_Sofer" title="Yaakov Chaim Sofer">Yaakov Chaim Sofer</a> (<a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 1870–1939) is similar in scope, authority and approach to the Mishnah Berurah. This work also surveys the views of many kabbalistic sages (particularly <a href="Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>), when these impact the Halakha.</li>

<li><a href="Yalkut_Yosef" title="Yalkut Yosef">Yalkut Yosef</a>, by Rabbi <a href="Yitzhak_Yosef" title="Yitzhak Yosef">Yitzhak Yosef</a>, is a voluminous, widely cited and contemporary work of <i>halakha</i>, based on the rulings of Rabbi <a href="Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> (1920–2013).</li>

<li><i>Piskei T'shuvot</i>, by Rabbi <a href="Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage" title="Biala (Hasidic dynasty)">Ben-Zion Simcha Isaac Rabinowitz</a>, is a commentary on <i>Orach Chayim</i> and the <i>Mishna Berura</i>, drawing on contemporary <i>Acharonim</i>. Generally oriented towards the decrees of the Hassidic <i>poskim</i>, it includes practical solutions and instructions for modern Halakhic issues. <i>P'sakim U'T'shuvot</i> by Rabbi Aharon Aryeh Katz (Rabinowitz's son in law) is a similar work on <i>Yoreh De'ah</i>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Layman" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman">Layman</a>-oriented works of <i>halakha</i>:

<ul><li>Thesouro dos Dinim ("Treasury of religious rules") by <a href="Menasseh_Ben_Israel" title="Menasseh Ben Israel">Menasseh Ben Israel</a> (1604–1657) is a reconstituted version of the Shulkhan Arukh, written in Portuguese with the explicit purpose of helping <i>conversos</i> from Iberia reintegrate into halakhic Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <i><a href="Kitzur_Shulchan_Aruch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)">Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</a></i> of Rabbi <a href="Shlomo_Ganzfried" title="Shlomo Ganzfried">Shlomo Ganzfried</a> (<a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> 1804–1886), a "digest", covering applicable Halakha from all four sections of <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, and reflecting the very strict Hungarian customs of the 19th century. It became immensely popular after its publication due to its simplicity, and is still popular in <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> as a framework for study, if not always for practice. This work is not considered binding in the same way as the Mishneh Torah or <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>.</li>

<li><a href="Chayei_Adam" title="Chayei Adam">Chayei Adam</a> and <a href="Chochmat_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochmat Adam">Chochmat Adam</a> by <a href="Avraham_Danzig" title="Avraham Danzig">Avraham Danzig</a> (Poland, 1748–1820) are similar Ashkenazi works; the first covers <i>Orach Chaim</i>, the second in large <i>Yoreh De'ah</i>, as well as laws from <i>Even Ha'ezer</i> and <i>Choshen Mishpat</i> pertinent to everyday life.</li>

<li>The <a href="Ben_Ish_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Chai">Ben Ish Chai</a> by <a href="Ben_Ish_Hai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Ish Hai">Yosef Chaim</a> (<a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 1832–1909) is a collection of the laws on everyday life – parallel in scope to the <i>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</i> – interspersed with mystical insights and customs, addressed to the masses and arranged by the weekly <a href="Torah_portion" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah portion">Torah portion</a>. Its wide circulation and coverage has seen it become a standard reference work in Sephardi Halakha.</li></ul></li>

<li>Contemporary "series":

<ul><li><a href="Peninei_Halakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninei Halakha">Peninei Halakha</a> by Rabbi <a href="Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a>. Fifteen volumes thus far, covering a wide range of subjects, from Shabbat to organ donations, and in addition to clearly posing the practical law – reflecting the customs of various communities – also discusses the spiritual foundations of the Halakhot. It is widely studied in the <a href="Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> community.</li>

<li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%9F" class="extiw external" title="he:מכון צורבא מרבנן"><i>Tzurba M’Rabanan</i></a> by Rabbi <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99" class="extiw external" title="he:בן ציון אלגאזי">Benzion Algazi</a>. Six volumes covering 300 topics<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from all areas of the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, "from the Talmudic source through modern-day halachic application", similarly studied in the Religious Zionist community (and outside Israel, through <a href="Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a> in numerous <a href="Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> communities; 15 bilingual translated volumes).</li>

<li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" class="extiw external" title="he:נטעי גבריאל"><i>Nitei Gavriel</i></a> by Rabbi <a href="Gavriel_Zinner" title="Gavriel Zinner">Gavriel Zinner</a>. Thirty volumes on the entire spectrum of topics in <i>halachah</i>, known for addressing situations not commonly brought in other works, and for delineating the varying approaches amongst the <a href="List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties"><i>Hasidic</i> branches</a>; for both reasons they are often reprinted.</li></ul></li>

<li><i>Temimei Haderech</i> ("A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice") by Rabbi <a href="Isaac_Klein" title="Isaac Klein">Isaac Klein</a> with contributions from the <a href="Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards">Committee on Jewish Law and Standards</a> of the <a href="Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>. This scholarly work is based on the previous traditional law codes, but written from a <a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Jewish</a> point of view, and not accepted among Orthodox Jews.</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraita_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael">Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_medical_ethics" title="Jewish medical ethics">Jewish medical ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mishpat_Ivri" title="Mishpat Ivri">Mishpat Ivri</a></li>

<li><a href="Se'if_katan" title="Se'if katan">Se'if katan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li>

<li><a href="Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="We_do_not_rule_based_on_categorical_inferences_in_monetary_cases" title="We do not rule based on categorical inferences in monetary cases">We do not rule based on categorical inferences in monetary cases</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/halacha">"Halacha"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhah-the-laws-of-jewish-life/">"Halacha: The Laws of Jewish Life."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718124453/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhah-the-laws-of-jewish-life/">Archived</a> 2019-07-18 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-customs/">"Jewish Custom (Minhag) Versus Law (Halacha)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225213441/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-customs/">Archived</a> 2019-12-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 8 April 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-EncJudaica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncJudaica_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncJudaica_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis. "Halakhah". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i> (2 ed.).</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EBR_Schiffman-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBR_Schiffman_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBR_Schiffman_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23518527"><i>Halakhah</i></a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception</i>. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak-">"Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak- - Wiktionary"</a>. <i>en.wiktionary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhic-texts-101/">"Introduction to Halacha, the Jewish Legal Tradition."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104144821/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhic-texts-101/">Archived</a> 2019-01-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014183–84-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014183–84_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenn2014">Glenn 2014</a>, pp. 183–84.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessickKéchichian2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessickKéchichian2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessickKéchichian2009">Messick & Kéchichian 2009</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hecht, Mendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/756399/jewish/The-613-Commandments-Mitzvot.htm">"The 613 Commandments (Mitzvot)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420205313/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/756399/jewish/The-613-Commandments-Mitzvot.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Chabad.org</i>. 9 April 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDanzinger" class="citation web cs1">Danzinger, Eliezer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/541686/jewish/How-Many-of-the-Torahs-Commandments-Still-Apply.htm">"How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?"</a>. <i>chabad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sinclair-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinclair, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/judaism/jewish-words/d-oraita-1.5958">"D'Oraita."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702195241/https://www.thejc.com/judaism/jewish-words/d-oraita-1.5958">Archived</a> 2019-07-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The JC</i>. 5 November 2008. 9 April 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber, Yanki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2625327/jewish/5-The-Written-Torah-and-the-Oral-Torah.htm">"5. The 'Written Torah' and the 'Oral Torah.'”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702195238/https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2625327/jewish/5-The-Written-Torah-and-the-Oral-Torah.htm">Archived</a> 2019-07-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Chabad.org</i>. 9 April 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Yitzhak_Baer" title="Yitzhak Baer">Baer, I. F.</a> (1952). "The Historical Foundations of the Halacha". <i><a href="Zion_(journal)" title="Zion (journal)">Zion</a></i> (in Hebrew). <b>17</b>. Historical Society of Israel: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>55.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Moshe_Isserles" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Isserles">Rema</a> <a href="Choshen_Mishpat" title="Choshen Mishpat">Choshen Mishpat</a> Chapter 25</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/jewish-law/committee-jewish-law-and-standards">"Committee on Jewish Law and Standards."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509091310/https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/jewish-law/committee-jewish-law-and-standards">Archived</a> 2019-05-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Rabbinical Assembly</i>. 9 April 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10801-middot-the-seven-of-hillel">"TALMUD HERMENEUTICS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman1962" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Saul (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OcaAAAAMAAJ">"Rabbinic interpretation of scripture"</a>. <i>Hellenism in Jewish Palestine</i>. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman1962" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Saul (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OcaAAAAMAAJ">"The Hermeneutic Rules of the <i>Aggadah</i>"</a>. <i>Hellenism in Jewish Palestine</i>. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 68<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2017:11&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 17:11</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCedarbaum2016" class="citation web cs1">Cedarbaum, Daniel (6 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reconstructingjudaism.org/article/reconstructing-halakha">"Reconstructing Halakha"</a>. Reconstructing Judaism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oradam.org/OAC/FAQ/">"FAQ for Humanistic Judaism, Reform Judaism, Humanists, Humanistic Jews, Congregation, Arizona, AZ"</a>. Oradam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">"Noahide Laws."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">Archived</a> 2016-01-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 3 July 2019.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorriganDennyJaffeeEire2016" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, John; Denny, Frederick; Jaffee, Martin S.; Eire, Carlos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VahYCwAAQBAJ"><i>Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions</i></a> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780205018253</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satlow, Michael, and Daniel Picus. “Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.” Lecture. Providence, Brown University.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JillJacobs-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JillJacobs_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Jill. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-shulhan-arukh/">The Shulchan Aruch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195931/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-shulhan-arukh/">Archived</a> 2018-12-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sokol, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2019/02/07/culture/can-a-journals-new-editor-keep-orthodox-debate-relevant-in-the-21st-century">"A journal’s new editor wants to steer the Modern Orthodox debate into the 21st century."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231728/https://www.jta.org/2019/02/07/culture/can-a-journals-new-editor-keep-orthodox-debate-relevant-in-the-21st-century">Archived</a> 2019-03-31 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 7 February 2019. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feinstein, Rabbi Moshe. "Introduction to Orach Chayim Chelek Aleph". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=916&st=&pgnum=3"><i>Iggrot Moshe</i></a> (in Hebrew). <q><div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">[...] אבל האמת להוראה כבר נאמר לא בשמים היא אלא כפי שנראה להחכם אחרי שעיין כראוי לברר ההלכה בש"ס ובפוסקים כפי כחו בכובד ראש וביראה מהשי"ת ונראה לו שכן הוא פסק הדין הוא האמת להוראה ומחוייב להורות כן אף אם בעצם גליא כלפי שמיא שאינו כן הפירוש, ועל כזה נאמר שגם דבריו דברי אלקים חיים מאחר שלו נראה הפירוש כמו שפסק ולא היה סתירה לדבריו. ויקבל שכר על הוראתו אף שהאמת אינו כפירוש.</span></span></div></q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23257361">"The Religious Philosophy of Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik"</a>. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>64. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23257361">23257361</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlasner" class="citation cs2">Glasner, Moshe Shmuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417142026/http://wwwarchive.math.psu.edu/glasner/Dor4/elman.html"><i>Introduction to the דור רביעי</i></a>, translated by Yaakov Elman, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwarchive.math.psu.edu/glasner/Dor4/elman.html">the original</a> on 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-09</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhah-in-conservative-judaism/">"Halakhah in Conservative Judaism."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224105534/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/halakhah-in-conservative-judaism/">Archived</a> 2019-12-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, David J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf">"Women and the Minyan."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617191359/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-06-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly</i>. OH 55:1.2002. p. 23.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masortiolami.org/frequently-asked-questions-masorti/">"Frequently Asked Questions about Masorti."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619004724/http://masortiolami.org/frequently-asked-questions-masorti/">Archived</a> 2019-06-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Masorti Olami</i>. 25 March 2014. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Ari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/14/nyregion/conservative-assembly-votes-to-admit-women-as-rabbis.html">"Conservative Assembly ...."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231121949/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/14/nyregion/conservative-assembly-votes-to-admit-women-as-rabbis.html">Archived</a> 2019-12-31 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New York Times</i>. 14 February 1985. 8 April 2019.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-KaplanSpitz-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KaplanSpitz_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KaplanSpitz_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan Spitz, Elie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwj.org.il/sites/default/files/Mamzerut%20-%20Spitz.pdf">"Mamzerut."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227104443/http://www.cwj.org.il/sites/default/files/Mamzerut%20-%20Spitz.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly</i>. EH 4.2000a. p. 586.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan Spitz, p. 577-584.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-Goldschmidt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moreno-Goldschmidt, Aliza (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10835-020-09360-5">"Menasseh ben Israel's Thesouro dos Dinim: Reeducating the New Jews"</a></span>. <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>33</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>350. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-020-09360-5">10.1007/s10835-020-09360-5</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225559599">225559599</a> – via SpringerLink.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mizrachi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Tzurba-Learning-Schedule.pdf">Tzurba Learning-Schedule</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185217/http://mizrachi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Tzurba-Learning-Schedule.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-07-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, mizrachi.org</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Yonatan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780300254907</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">J. David Bleich</a>, <i>Contemporary Halakhic Problems</i> (5 vols), Ktav <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87068-450-7</bdi>, <bdi>0-88125-474-6</bdi>, <bdi>0-88125-315-4</bdi>, <bdi>0-87068-275-X</bdi>; Feldheim <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56871-353-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Menachem_Elon" title="Menachem Elon">Menachem Elon</a>, <i>Ha-Mishpat ha-Ivri</i> (trans. <i>Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles</i> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8276-0389-4</bdi>); Jewish Publication Society <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8276-0537-4</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2014" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, H. Patrick (2014). <i>Legal Traditions of the World – Sustainable Diversity in Law</i> (5th edition) ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0199669837</bdi></li>

<li>Jacob Katz, <i>Divine Law in Human Hands – Case Studies in Halakhic Flexibility</i>, Magnes Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-223-980-1</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Koppel" title="Moshe Koppel">Moshe Koppel</a>, "Meta-Halakhah: Logic, Intuition, and the Unfolding of Jewish Law", <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56821-901-6</bdi></li>

<li>Mendell Lewittes, <i>Jewish Law: An Introduction</i>, Jason Aronson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56821-302-6</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMessickKéchichian2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Messick, Brinkley; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120012810/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243">"Fatwā. Process and Function"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243">the original</a> on November 20, 2015.</cite></li>

<li>Daniel Pollack ed., <i>Contrasts in American and Jewish Law</i>, Ktav. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88125-750-8</bdi></li>

<li>Emanuel Quint, <i>A Restatement of Rabbinic Civil Law</i> (11 vols), Gefen Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87668-765-6</bdi>, <bdi>0-87668-799-0</bdi>, <bdi>0-87668-678-1</bdi>, <bdi>0-87668-396-0</bdi>, <bdi>0-87668-197-6</bdi>, <bdi>1-56821-167-8</bdi>, <bdi>1-56821-319-0</bdi>, <bdi>1-56821-907-5</bdi>, <bdi>0-7657-9969-3</bdi>, <bdi>965-229-322-9</bdi>, <bdi>965-229-323-7</bdi>, <bdi>965-229-375-X</bdi></li>

<li>Emanuel Quint, <i>Jewish Jurisprudence: Its Sources & Modern Applications </i>, Taylor and Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-7186-0293-8</bdi></li>

<li>Steven H. Resnicoff, <i>Understanding Jewish Law</i>, LexisNexis, 2012. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1422490204</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Joel_Roth_(rabbi)" title="Joel Roth (rabbi)">Joel Roth</a>, <i>Halakhic Process: A Systemic Analysis</i>, Jewish Theological Seminary. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87334-035-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a>, <i>Halakhic Man</i>, Jewish Publication Society trans. Lawrence Kaplan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8276-0397-5</bdi></li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Halakah"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Halakah">"Halakah" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Halacha"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Halacha">"Halacha" </a></span>. <i><a href="New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDorffRosett1988" class="citation book cs1">Dorff, Elliot N.; Rosett, Arthur (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YId1U1DuTjUC"><i>A Living Tree: The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88706-459-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1974–1977). <i>A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–XXII.</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1979–1980). <i>A History of the Mishnaic Law of Holy Things</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–VI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlOvCwAAQBAJ">Reprint</a>: Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ., 2007, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55635-349-9</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1979–1980). <i>A History of the Mishnaic Law of Women.</i> Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V.</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1981–1983). <i>A History of the Mishnaic Law of Appointed Times</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V.</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1983–1985). <i>A History of the Mishnaic Law of Damages.</i> Leiden: E. J.Brill. Part I–V.</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (2000). <i>The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism.</i> The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9004116176</bdi>

<ul><li>Vol. 1: <i>Between Israel and God</i>. Part A.<i> Faith, Thanksgiving, Enlandisement: Possession and Partnership.</i></li>

<li>Vol. 2: <i>Between Israel and God</i>. Part B. <i>Transcendent Transactions: Where Heaven and Earth Intersect.</i></li>

<li>Vol. 3: <i>Within Israel’s Social Order.</i></li>

<li>Vol. 4: <i>Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household</i>. Part A. <i>At the Meeting of Time and Space. Sanctification in the Here and Now: The Table and the Bed. Sanctification and the Marital Bond. The Desacralization of the Household: The Bed.</i></li>

<li>Vol. 5: <i>Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household</i>. Part B. <i>The Desacralization of the Household: The Table. Foci, Sources, and Dissemination of Uncleanness. Purification from the Pollution of Death.</i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (2005). <i>The Law of Agriculture in the Mishnah and the Tosefta</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Halakha" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Halakha">Halakha</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Halacha" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Halacha">Halacha</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<p><b>Full-text resources of major halakhic works</b>

</p>

<ul><li><i>Mishneh Torah</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D" class="extiw external" title="s:he:משנה תורה לרמב"ם">Hebrew</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682956/jewish/Mishneh-Torah.htm">English</a></li>

<li><i>Arba'ah Turim</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" class="extiw external" title="s:he:ארבעה טורים">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Shulchan Aruch</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A" class="extiw external" title="s:he:שולחן ערוך">Hebrew</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" class="extiw external" title="s:Shulchan Aruch">English</a> (incomplete)</li>

<li><i>Shulchan Aruch HaRav</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91" class="extiw external" title="s:he:שולחן ערוך הרב">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Aruch HaShulchan</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F" class="extiw external" title="s:he:ערוך השולחן">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A" class="extiw external" title="s:he:קיצור שולחן ערוך">Hebrew</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103084018/http://www.yonanewman.org/kizzur/kiz-index1.html">English</a></li>

<li><i>Ben Ish Chai</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%97%D7%99" class="extiw external" title="s:he:בן איש חי">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Kaf HaChaim</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/home.aspx">Hebrew</a> (search on site)</li>

<li><i>Mishnah Berurah</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" class="extiw external" title="s:he:משנה ברורה">Hebrew</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209044413/http://www.torah.org/advanced/mishna-berura/archives.html">English</a></li>

<li><i>Chayei Adam</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/vl/tohen.asp?id=388">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Chochmat Adam</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/vl/tohen.asp?id=370">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>Peninei Halakha</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.yhb.org.il">Hebrew</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.yhb.org.il/en">English</a></li>

<li><i>Yalkut Yosef</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalkut.info">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><i>A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626172813/http://learn.jtsa.edu/topics/diduknow/jrpguide">Hebrew</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Halakha_(Jewish_religious_law)170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Halakha_(Jewish_religious_law)170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i></i> (Jewish religious law)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chillul_hashem" title="Chillul hashem"><i>Chillul hashem</i> (Desecration of God's name)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneivat_da'at" title="Geneivat da'at"><i>Geneivat da'at</i> (Theft of the mind)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gezel_sheina" title="Gezel sheina"><i>Gezel sheina</i> (Theft of sleep)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiddush_Hashem" title="Kiddush Hashem"><i>Kiddush hashem</i> (Sanctification of God's name)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lashon_hara" title="Lashon hara"><i>Lashon hara</i> (Derogatory information)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lifnei_iver" title="Lifnei iver"><i>Lifnei iver</i> (Stumbling block in front of the blind)</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">You shall not murder</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">Yetzer hara</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">Ritual purity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corpse_uncleanness" title="Corpse uncleanness">Corpse uncleanness</a></li>

<li><a href="Handwashing_in_Judaism" title="Handwashing in Judaism">Handwashing</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Modesty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Negiah" title="Negiah">Negiah</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mechitza" title="Mechitza">Mechitza</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Forbidden_relationships_in_Judaism" title="Forbidden relationships in Judaism">Forbidden relationships</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Gender separation</a></li>

<li><a href="Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agrarian laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shmita" title="Shmita">Sabbatical year</a></li>

<li><a href="Tithes_in_Judaism" title="Tithes in Judaism">Tithes</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Terumah_(offering)" title="Terumah (offering)">Terumah</a></i></li>

<li><a href="First_tithe" title="First tithe">First tithe</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_tithe" title="Second tithe">Second tithe</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_tithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor tithe">Poor tithe</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Terumat_hamaaser" title="Terumat hamaaser">Terumat hamaaser</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Demai" title="Demai">Demai</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orlah" title="Orlah">Orlah</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Bikkurim_(first-fruits)" title="Bikkurim (first-fruits)"><i>Bikkurim</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Dough_offering" title="Dough offering"><i>Hallah</i></a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halakhic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Aveira">Aveira</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Bemeizid" title="Bemeizid"><i>Bemeizid</i>, <i>beshogeg</i>, and <i>beones</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="B'rov_am_hadrat_melech" title="B'rov am hadrat melech">B'rov am hadrat melech</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chumra_(Judaism)" title="Chumra (Judaism)">Chumra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dina_d'malkhuta_dina" title="Dina d'malkhuta dina">Dina d'malkhuta dina</a></i></li>

<li><a href="D'Oraita_and_D'Rabbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan"><i>De'oraita</i> and <i>derabanan</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Mitzvah_goreret_mitzvah" title="Mitzvah goreret mitzvah">One commandment leads to another</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ikar_v'tafel" title="Ikar v'tafel">Ikar v'tafel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Marit_ayin" title="Marit ayin">Marit ayin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neder" title="Neder">Neder</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Osek_b'mitzvah_patur_min_hamitzvah" title="Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah">Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pikuach_nefesh" title="Pikuach nefesh">Pikuach nefesh</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Positive_commandment" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive commandment">Positive commandment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sfeka_d'yoma" title="Sfeka d'yoma">Sfeka d'yoma</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Self-sacrifice_in_Jewish_law" title="Self-sacrifice in Jewish law">Self-sacrifice</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Shinuy" title="Shinuy">Shinuy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shomea_k'oneh" title="Shomea k'oneh">Shomea k'oneh</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Testimony_in_Jewish_law" title="Testimony in Jewish law">Testimony</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Toch_k'dei_dibur" title="Toch k'dei dibur">Toch k'dei dibur</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yad_soledet_bo" title="Yad soledet bo">Yad soledet bo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zmanim" title="Zmanim">Zmanim</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_punishment_in_Judaism" title="Capital punishment in Judaism">Capital punishment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kareth" title="Kareth">Kareth</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related boxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>High Holidays</li>

<li>Passover</li>

<li><i>Shabbat</i></li>

<li><i>Sukkot</i></li>

<li><i>Kashrut</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li>

<li><a href="Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism%2C_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li>

<li><a href="Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li>

<li><a href="Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li>

<li><a href="Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostjuden" title="Ostjuden">Ostjuden</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li>

<li><a href="Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Musta'arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li>

<li><a href="Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br>(<a href="List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li>

<li><a href="Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li>

<li><a href="Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li>

<li><a href="Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li>

<li><a href="Yevanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li>

<li><a href="Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li>

<li><a href="Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li>

<li><a href="Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li>

<li><a href="Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li>

<li><a href="Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li>

<li><a href="Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>

<li><a href="Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>

<ul><li><a href="Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li>

<li><a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>

<li><a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li>

<li><a href="Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li>

<li><a href="Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li>

<li><a href="Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li>

<li><a href="Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li>

<li>non-Christian

<ul><li><a href="Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AJudaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Orthodox_Judaism455" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div id="15px_Orthodox_Judaism455" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>  <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Orthodox Judaism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Orthodox Jews</li>

<li>Rabbis</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li>

<li><a href="Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li>

<li><a href="Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li>

<li><a href="Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li>

<li><a href="Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li>

<li><a href="Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li>

<li><a href="Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li>

<li><a href="Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span>  <span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Law537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Law" title="Law">Law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li>

<li><a href="International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li>

<li><a href="Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_law" title="Agricultural law">Agricultural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li>

<li><a href="Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Aviation law</a></li>

<li><a href="Amnesty_law" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty law</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Banking law</a></li>

<li><a href="Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li>

<li><a href="Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li>

<li><a href="IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li>

<li><a href="Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li>

<li><a href="International_labour_law" title="International labour law">International labour law</a></li>

<li><a href="International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li>

<li><a href="International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_law" title="Maritime law">Maritime law</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_law" title="Music law">Music law</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li>

<li><a href="Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li>

<li><a href="International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li>

<li><a href="Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li>

<li><a href="Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li>

<li><a href="Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li>

<li><a href="Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li>

<li><a href="Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li>

<li><a href="Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li>

<li><a href="International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li>

<li><a href="Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Admission_to_practice_law" title="Admission to practice law">Admission to practice law</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li>

<li><a href="Disbarment" title="Disbarment">Disbarment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence (penology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status" title="Legal status">Legal status</a></li>

<li><a href="Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">Judicial activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">Kangaroo court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li>

<li><a href="Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li>

<li><a href="Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barristers'_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li>

<li><a href="Court" title="Court">Court</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_industry_by_country" title="Legal industry by country">Legal industry by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li>

<li><a href="Military" title="Military">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Police" title="Police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> </span>Category</b></li>

<li><b><a href="Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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